Posted: August 1st, 2022

People with higher autistic quotation are higher in temporal discounting

Psychology: Practical Introduction (1.5-2 pages)
Key paragraphs •1stparagraph: What is the idea – brief and basic
2nd– 4th paragraph: Define terms perspective-taking – temporal discounting – autism
5th paragraph: The mechanism linking them is: –Perspective-taking reduces temporal discounting by allowing us to imagine future rewards –Perspective-taking is reduced in autism, and hence, so should preferences for future rewards
6th – 7thparagraph: evidence so far –Soutschek et al. (2016) Science Reports –Children studies in O’Connell et al. (2015) Frontiers in Neuroscience –Be creative! extra points
8thparagraph: Hypothesis and brief description of how it will be done e.g. measures

Psychology
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People with higher autistic quotation are higher in temporal discounting. The practical will aim at closely looking at the mechanics linking perspective taking, temporal discounting and autism. In order to undertake this research, we are going to distribute questionnaires to the people who would voluntarily fill them.
Memory is significant in remembering the past, future thinking, and imagination. Most research works reveal striking similarities and relations between brains simulating the future, imagining the daily occurrences, and remembering the past. A normal brain network ensures both memory and imagination. Otherwise, there are some psychiatric disorders that may affect the usual brain functionality. In this practice, we shall look at the following elements; perspective taking, temporal discounting and autism. The paper shall also discuss the relationships between autism, taking perspectives, and temporal discounting evidence of their existence in life, and necessary measures to deal with each of them.
Perspective-taking entails the ability to view a situation from another person’s point of view. The situation may occur either physically or cognitively, that is, an individual can either change his location or simulates another’s cognitive state to feel with them. In other words, a person would temporarily suspend his or her point of view and attempt to empathize with someone else situation. Perspective-taking is greater in adults than in children because adults have the ability to correct and adapt the situation of another person.
Temporal Discounting is a phenomenon whereby people tend to discount rewards or items as they approach a time horizon in the past or future. The process is similar to a notion of delayed gratification, which has high discounting standards and is synonymous with impulsive reactions. On the contrary, sustained interest and demonstrating self-control is an example of less discounting. In summary, there is a tendency to reward a greater value to rewards as it moves away from towards the ‘now.’
Autism is a lifelong psychiatric disorder that impacts how people interact with others or perceive the world. Autistic individuals perceive, hear and feel differently from other people. It cannot be cured because it is neither an illness nor a disease. The individuals suffering from autism share particular difficulties, however, being autistic affect them differently. Some of these subjects have mental health problems, learning disabilities, and other conditions and each person need different levels of attention and support. They learn and develop, and they can be assisted in their life fulfilling choices.
Various mechanisms link perspective taking, temporal discounting and autism. From most aspect of views from life and health records, perspective taking and temporal discounting are affected when individuals suffer from autism. Autism affects perspective-taking which also affects the preferences for future rewards.
People tend to make decisions that are likely to involve a tradeoff between immediate/current and delayed consequences. For instance, a smoker enjoys the immediate pleasure he or she obtains from a cigarette even though they understand the consequences of its continued use. Also, an individual is likely to reject a bigger reward that someone offers him in future to receive that which is presently available. The above examples illustrate delayed discounts as one example of temporal discounting.
There are some ways that people illustrate perspective taking. For instance, a child can start crying in response to another child’s discomfort. At a later stage, the child may realize the other child’s discomfort is not its own, show concern, and offer to help. Later in the adult life, a person can understand and relate world phenomena like war and hunger victims, and homelessness. On the other hand, a concept of autism as demonstrated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has a prevalence of 1 in 68 of children in the United States. Around one-third of autistic individuals have intellectual disabilities. Lastly, medical issues such as seizures, attention deficit, sleep disturbances, et cetera often accompany autism.
Psychological issues require significant health attention. Various measures may apply in reducing psychiatric disorders related to autism, temporal discounting, and perspective taking. Questionnaires would help to obtain responses from the sampled individuals after which the practical can propose necessary preventive steps to reduce autism. For instance, there could be a need to improve parenting programs, enhance home nursing programs, employ comprehensive and effective early education programs, and support good behavior in school-based programs.

References
Lombardo, M. V., Chakrabarti, B., Bullmore, E. T., Sadek, S. A., Pasco, G., Wheelwright, S. J., … & MRC AIMS Consortium. (2010). Atypical neural self-representation in autism. Brain, 133(2), 611-624.
National Research Council. (2009). Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities. National Academies Press.
O’Connell, G., Christakou, A., & Chakrabarti, B. (2015). The role of simulation in intertemporal choices. Frontiers in neuroscience, 9.

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