Posted: August 1st, 2022

Pandemics Research Paper

Research Paper Instructions-Biomedical Ethics PHI 2635Gulf Coast State College1PAPER TOPICSYou MUST pick one of the following topics to write your argumentative paper on:•Human Cloning•Euthanasia•Pandemics/Epidemics•Human Research
WHAT IS AN ARGUMENT?In academic writing, an argument is usually a main idea, often called a “claim” or “thesis statement,” backed up with evidence that supports the idea. Claims can be as simple as “Protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged,” with evidence such as, “In this experiment, protons and electrons acted in such and such a way.” Claims can also be as complex as “The end of the South African system of apartheid was inevitable,” using reasoning and evidence such as, “Every successful revolution in the modern era has come about after the government in power has given and then removed small concessions to the uprising group.” In either case, the rest of your paper will detail the reasoning and evidence that have led you to believe that your position is best. When beginning to write a paper, ask yourself, “What is my point?” (you should do this with any paper that you write). If your papers do not have a main point, they cannot be arguing for anything. Asking yourself what your point is can help you avoid a mere “information dump.” Consider this: your instructors probably know a lot more than you do about your subject matter. Why, then, would you want to provide them with material they already know? Instructors are usually looking for two things: 1. Proof that you understand the material, AND 2. A demonstration of your ability to use or apply the material in ways that go beyond what you have read or heard. This second part can be done in many ways: you can critique the material, apply it to something else, or even just explain it in a different way. In order to succeed at this second step, though, you must have a particular point to argue. Arguments in academic writing are usually complex and take time to develop. Your argument will need tobe more than a simple or obvious statement such as “Frank Lloyd Wright was a great architect.” Such a statement might capture your initial impressions of Wright as you have studied him in class; however, you need to look deeper and express specifically what caused that “greatness.” Your instructor will probably expect something more complicated,
2such as “Frank Lloyd Wright’s architecture combines elements of European modernism, Asian aesthetic form, and locally found materials to create a unique new style,” or “There are many strong similarities between Wright’s building designs and those of his mother, which suggests that he may have borrowed some of her ideas.” To develop your argument, you would then define your terms and prove your claim with evidence from Wright’s drawings and buildings and those of the other architects you mentioned. The Writing Center at North Carolina-www.une.edu/dept/wcweb3WHAT MY PAPER MUST INCLUDE
I.Introduction which will include your thesis statement. Your thesis statement shouldexplain exactly what your paper will argue
II.Supporting point 1 (how you support your thesis
)III.Supporting point 2 (how you support your thesis)
IV.Either utilitarianism or duty and how it supports your argument
V.Counter point (always needed in a good argument)
VI.Conclusion (sum up your paper, don’t introduce any new ideas)Keep in mind that you MUST USE at least 1 ethical theory to support your argument
4SOURCES &CHICAGO DOCUMENTING One of your sources can be your textbook, however, you will need to use outside sources. Below is a list of the sources you will need at minimum.
1.Textbook
2.At least 5scholarly sources
on the topic For a total minimum of 6sources.
Pandemics
Student Name:
Date:
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Pandemics
Introduction
Pandemics have increased over the past years due to increased global traveling, change in land use, urbanization, and integration of people. The intermittent outbreaks have affected human civilization by affecting human aspects, such as economic needs, political and social relations. In the future, the pandemics might increase if nothing is done to limit the currently emerging outbreaks.
Developing pandemic preparedness policies and practices would assist in preventing the pandemics from intensifying in the future. However, a pandemic is considered an outbreak of an infectious disease that affects a large population extending to more than two geographical areas, for instance. My main point is that pandemics have occurred throughout time history, and the situation appears to be increasing due to various factors, such spread of viral diseases from animals. The paper will argue its point by discussing some of the notable outbreaks that have taken place in human history.
II.Supporting point One
In the past, pandemics were being referred to as plagues, for instance, the plagues recorded in religious scriptures. The ten plagues are an excellent example highlighted in exodus seven versus eleven, which explains the ten plagues that infested the Egyptians, where some came in the form of an infectious disease. The plague includes the death of firstborns, lice infestation, boils, parasitoses, ad zoonoses infectious diseases. In part of the bible, human plagues were also highlighted in the Quran, such as in Surat Al-A’raf, v. 133. The plague has shaped human perception and the way people respond to pandemics, where most still believe that pandemics are a form of punishment from God.
In 430-26 BC, the Athenian plague was recorded, which is said to have come from Ethiopia, spreading to other regions such as Greece and Egypt. Some of the signs and symptoms of the Athenian plague include coughing blood, stomach pains, vomiting, fever, body weakness. The Athenian plague would cause death among its victim either on the seventh or the eight-day. On the other hand, the people who survived the pandemic became paralyzed, blind, and got amnesia for the rest of their remaining life. The plague is said to have spread widely during wartime, where people were overcrowded while fighting.
The Antonine plague is another pandemic that occurred in 165-10 DC, which is also referred to as the Galen outbreak. The Antonine plague was characterized by smallpox, mainly caused by the movement of soldiers from Seleucia. The same plague has also affected countries such as Italy, Egypt, and Greece before the infestation. The pandemic, however, spread to the entire roman empire causing more deaths.
Another plague is the Justinian plague, which affected people on the trading routes and the military movement. People, however, experienced fever, buboes under the armpit, and people would experience hallucinations before infestation. The disease killed a significant population others become mad. The black death is another plague that is said to have come from China, spreading to Europe. However, the pandemic killed sixty percent of Europeans and later spread across Asia, India, and entire Russia, killing twenty-five million people. Tumors characterized the infection under the armpits, sickness, and black spots on the thigh, arms, and other parts.
The plague doctor is another plague that affected Europe, which affected medical doctors while dealing with the pandemic in 1384. The Spanish-flu pandemic between 1918 and 1920 is another type of pandemic globally caused by the HINI influenza virus. The origin of Spanish flu was not known, although contributed by the movement of the military. The flue, however, spread to Australia, China, Spain, and the USA, causing the death and infections of over a quarter of the entire population. The Spanish flue caused over fifty million deaths, where young people were the most affected. The Spanish flue, just like the COVID-19 flue, came in different waves.
In the 1980s, the HIV pandemic spread predominately, leading to stigma and social isolation of people. The HIV pandemic, however, affected over forty million people globally, causing the death of one million. However, the pandemic spread widely in African countries, especially the sub-Saharan African counties, such as Botswana and Swaziland. After the HIV pandemic came to the smallpox outbreak caused by a virus known as Variola. The virus was highly contagious, affecting the skin.
SARS, also known as a severe acute respiratory syndrome, is a pandemic that began in the twenty-first century caused by a virus known as the coronavirus. The virus is said to have started in China, Hong Kong, spreading to other countries globally. The “swine flu” followed, affecting over ten percent of the global population. However, the estimated deaths were between twenty thousand to five hundred thousand affecting the mental health o a large population of people. Another outbreak is the Ebola outbreak between 2014-2016, affecting central and west Africa. Another pandemic is the ZIKA pandemic between 2014-2016 from a virus found in monkeys from Uganda. The pandemic could make people experience fever, bloodshot eyes, joint pain, headaches, and flat pinkish rashes. The pandemic transferred to the Pacific, and Brazil, and later to America and the Caribbean. Disease X is another pandemic that affects humanity to the current COVID-19 pandemic, which has affected people globally, causing millions of death.
III.Supporting point Two
Pandemics have increased over the years caused by the spread of viruses originating from animals to humans. The interaction between animals and humans has contributed to pandemics, such as the HINI influenza, the H5NI influenza virus, and SARS. The emergence of Zoonotic disease is also contributed by viruses from animals known as cross-species transmission. The cross-species transmission happens in stages. For instance, the spread of animal microbes that are not naturally in human beings, such as the malaria plasmodia. The next stage involves spreading pathogens from humans to humans, such as the Nipah, rabies, and tularemia bacilli.
The next stage involves transmission for a pathogen that does not require long cycles, such as transmission of Monkey poxviruses, Ebola, and Marburg from human to human. The last stage involves viruses present in animals but does not need close interaction with human beings to spread, such as Influenza. The increased interaction between humans and animals through hunting, animal husbandry, animal food, and the wet market has mainly contributed to viruses and other pathogens that cause a pandemic. For instance, in the twentieth century, the interaction between humans and animals through hunting led to the HIV pandemic and other viruses, such as the T-lymphotropic virus, currently known as the virus subtype 4(HTLV-4). It is also clear that the SARS pandemic outbreak originated from a particular genius of bats, known as the Rhinolophus spreading widely through the wet market. The COVID-19 pandemic is another pandemic that researchers stated may have been passed from farm animals to human beings, where humans consume infected meat and dairy products.
IV. utilitarianism
As the only ethical theory apply, Unitarianism would apply in ending pandemics despite the vast increase of the issue over the years. Utilitarianism aims at the common good of everyone as the right place to start. Since the leading root cause of the pandemic is animals, thinking of how to create significant boundaries, such as ban wt markets and reduce meat consumption, would be the best place to begin. Without ignoring the fact that human and animal interaction is very important, putting up measures to minimize the interaction and protecting humans from contracting zootonic pathogen would be very helpful to avoid the increasing and elevating nature of the pandemic in the future.
On the other hand, utilitarianism would provide several social benefits, especially when deciding on vaccines and protecting social workers when administering care. Unitarianism, however, would work on developing methods that control the effects of human actions based on what scientists can foresee in the future concerning pandemics. Taking action would bring more reasonable instead of harm, such as the allocation of resources that would replace resources responsible for the pandemic.
V.Counter point
On the other side, it has been argued that pandemics do not originate from zoonotic pathogens. Scientists have argued that the root cause of pandemics is the destruction of nature and human mobility. Climate change has been the biggest problem, which has received less attention from scientists regarding the origin of the pandemics, such as the COVID -19 pandemic and other types of flues. Global warming is one of the impacts of climate change that has mainly contributed to the spread of the pandemic. Climate change increases the number of disease-carrying insects, such as mosquitoes, especially during extreme weather. On the other hand, the shortage of health care workers has been another cause of pandemics, especially in Latin countries, such as Asia. Inadequate health care workers increase the vulnerability of disease contractions. On the other hand, global travel has been another root cause of pandemics, as well as urbanization, which has led to overcrowding of houses and people. On the other hand, most people believe pandemics have not increased but rather repeated themselves, such as the SARS pandemic has emerged as the current COVID-19 pandemic, both caused by a corona-virus. According to most scientists, history repeats itself, where the 2020 virus is similar to the Spanish flu of 1918, where people could be isolated to prevent the spread of the disease.
VI.Conclusion
It is said that the nation keeps ignoring the root causes of pandemics over the years and concentrates on finding vaccines and cures for the infections. It is evident that s every argument settles to animals as the root cause and primary of pandemics. The pandemics have been recurrent that nothing is being done to end and prevent the outbreak of future pandemics. Pandemics, however, have increased in number ad severity over the past years, causing more damage and death among people. I support the letter written by the World health organization(WHO) concerning preventing the spread of infections since viruses are passed from animals to humans. Banning fur farms, cracking down the risks created by factory farming, reducing meat consumption, end dog, donkey, and cat meat trade, and ban live animal markets prevents the passage of pathogens from animals to humans. It is clear that pandemics are a result of zoonotic pathogens, and the global issue has increased from the time of plague DC to the twenty-first century.

Bibliography
Acosta, Alejandro, Carlos Barrantes, and Rico Ihle. “Animal disease outbreaks and food market price dynamics: Evidence from regime‐dependent modelling and connected scatterplots.” Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 64, no. 3 (2020): 960-976.
Bartlow, Andrew W., Carrie Manore, Chonggang Xu, Kimberly A. Kaufeld, Sara Del Valle, Amanda Ziemann, Geoffrey Fairchild, and Jeanne M. Fair. “Forecasting zoonotic infectious disease response to climate change: Mosquito vectors and a changing environment.” Veterinary sciences 6, no. 2 (2019): 40.
Lynteris, Christos, ed. Framing animals as epidemic villains: Histories of non-human disease vectors. Springer Nature, 2019.
Piret, Jocelyne, and Guy Boivin. “Pandemics throughout history.” Frontiers in microbiology 11 (2020).
Rees, E. E., V. Ng, P. Gachon, A. Mawudeku, D. McKenney, J. Pedlar, D. Yemshanov, J. Parmely, and J. Knox. “Climate change and infectious diseases: The solutions: Risk assessment strategies for early detection and prediction of infectious disease outbreaks associated with climate change.” Canada Communicable Disease Report 45, no. 5 (2019): 119.
Snowden, Frank M. Epidemics and society. Yale University Press, 2019.

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