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Posted: September 7th, 2022
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy
Anatomy of the Basic Unit of the Nervous System
The basic unit of the nervous system is a neuron. A neuron has three major parts, which are the axon, cell body, and dendrites. The neurons’ transmit impulses to other cells (Huang et al., 2019). Transmission occurs due to electrical changes across the membrane. The pathway for the transmission is dendrite, cell body, and axon. Termination occurs during reuptake and enzyme degradation.
Components of Subcortical Structures
The subcortical structures’ major components are the pituitary gland, basal ganglia, diencephalon, and limbic structures (Koshiyama et al., 2018). The structure facilitates complex functions such a memory, emotion, and hormone production.
Learning, Memory, and Addiction
The nucleus accumbens is responsible for learning, motivation, and behavior. The amygdala and hippocampus facilitate memory (Koshiyama et al., 2018). The prefrontal cortex controlling addiction of drugs and substances.
Neurotransmitters Located in the Nigra Striatal Region
The neurotransmitters are dopamine and GABA. Dopamine determines how we feel pleasure (Jamwal & Kumar, 2019). GABA reduces the activity of the nervous system triggering a calming effect.
The function of Glia Cells the Central Nervous System
The cells do not produce electrical impulses, but they maintain homeostasis and support and protect neurons (Jamwal & Kumar, 2019). Another role is modulating communication between the cells.
Synapses
Communication takes place among neurons or between a neuron and effector cell. Synaptic vesicles store chemical components for transmitting impulses (Andreae & Burrone, 2018). The components are in the axon terminals that release or receive impulse.
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity is the change through growth and reorganization of neural networks. Neuroplasticity supports learning the second language, musical abilities, and navigation skills (Mattson et al., 2018). Neuroplasticity compensates for injury or disease and adjusting to a new environment.
References
Andreae, L. C., & Burrone, J. (2018). The role of spontaneous neurotransmission in synapse and circuit development. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 96(3), 354-359.
Huang, L., Nakamura, Y., Lo, E. H., & Hayakawa, K. (2019). Astrocyte signaling in the neurovascular unit after central nervous system injury. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(2), 282.
Jamwal, S., & Kumar, P. (2019). Insight into the emerging role of striatal neurotransmitters in the pathophysiology of parkinson’s disease and huntington’s disease: a review. Current Neuropharmacology, 17(2), 165-175.
Koshiyama, D., Fukunaga, M., Okada, N., Yamashita, F., Yamamori, H., Yasuda, Y., … & Hashimoto, R. (2018). Role of subcortical structures on cognitive and social function in schizophrenia. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-9.
Mattson, M. P., Moehl, K., Ghena, N., Schmaedick, M., & Cheng, A. (2018). Intermittent metabolic switching, neuroplasticity and brain health. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 19(2), 63.
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