Posted: September 1st, 2022

Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

In many realms of medicine, objective diagnoses can be made A clavicula is broken. An infection is present. TSH levels meet the diagnostic criteria for hypothyroidism. Psychiatry, on the other hand, deals with psychological phenomena and behaviors. Can these, too, be “defined objectively and by scientific criteria (Gergen, 1985), or are they social constructions?” (Sadock et al., 2015).
Thanks to myriad advances during recent decades, we know that psychopathology is caused by many interacting factors. Theoretical and clinical contributions to the field have come from the neural sciences, genetics, psychology, and social-cultural sciences. How do these factors impact the expression, classification, diagnosis, and prevalence of psychopathology, and why might it be important for a nurse practitioner to take a multidimensional, integrative approach?

To Prepare:
Review this week’s Learning Resources, considering the many interacting factors that contribute to the development of psychopathology.
Consider how theoretical perspective on psychopathology impacts the work of the PMHNP.
By Day 6 of Week 1
Respond to at least two of your colleagues on 2 different days by explaining the implications of why, as an advanced practice nurse, it is important to adopt a multidimensional, integrative model of psychopathology.

Colleague 1

Psychopathology is the study of mental disorders and illnesses from a scientific point of view. It is also broken down into biological, psychological, social, cultural, and interpersonal types. Neurons and glial cells in the brain are a part of biological psychopathology. Simply put, chemical and electrical neurotransmission is how neurons talk to each other (Kaplan and Sadock, 2014). In the last 75 years, research on psychotropic drugs has gotten a lot more attention, which shows how important it is to look at mental illness from a biological point of view. In the early 1900s, one of the most brilliant thinkers of the 20th century, Jean Piaget, created what we now call “developmental psychology.” This is a branch of psychology that looks at how biology and experience work together to create learned behaviors (Kaplan and Sadock, 2014).

Some mental disorders are linked to how we act and relate to other people. Cheung and Mak (2018) say that the idea of “cultural relativism” suggests that differences in a mental disorder, the way its symptoms show up, or the way people decide what is “pathology” may be due to cultural differences. Even though the National Institute of Mental Health just put together a task force to develop and add to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the World Mental Health Report was just released, culture is still not taken into account when it comes to theory, research, training, and intervention.

To get rid of these differences, the DSM-V gives cultural perspectives a bigger role. To do this, the Cultural Formulation Interview was made to collect cultural information during assessment. Ethnicity, language, education, religion, gender, sexual roles, values, and socioeconomic status are just some of the cultural variables. There are many factors that can come together to cause a mental health disorder. It is important that the provider does a thorough evaluation to find all of the contributing factors. They must also be aware that each patient’s mind is different.

Co-worker 2
The nervous system is the filter that all living things use to understand life. It is a living, changing unit whose parts are always changing in structure and function in response to any input, whether it comes from genes, the environment, the body, or the mind (Basser, 2012).

Beauchaine et al. (2008) say that the Journal of Primary Prevention looked into whether people at risk for psychopathology would benefit more from a science of prevention that focused on biological or psychosocial factors.

Beauchaine et al. (2008) also said that direct comparisons between psychology and science are now seen as too simple because of the huge number of factors that cause people to act the way they do. Many people have said that clinical psychology should be an applied field that comes up with cognitive, behavioral, and social interventions to prevent and treat bad behavior.

Beauchaine et al. (2008) say that other people have called for a clinical science that looks at how vulnerability is caused by genetic and neural factors. Understanding these kinds of mechanisms will help us reduce psychiatric illness and death. For example, a lot of research shows that schizophrenia is about 80% inherited and that it is caused by genetic and neurobiological processes that mess up the structure and function of the brain.

In many ways, biological factors are crucial to the development and structure of psychological organization. Biological factors that affect temperament may show which children are most at risk in each environment and when psychopathology may start to show. For example, babies who have a low “separation anxiety threshold” may be more likely to develop anxiety disorders when they are deprived or separated from their parents (Truant, 1995).

Wallis et al. (2018) say that being able to correctly understand the emotional intentions of others is a key part of being able to function well in social situations. For example, there is a lot of evidence that people with clinically diagnosed eating disorders have big problems recognizing emotions and understanding what is going on around them. Also, in the context of eating disorders, it has been said that a lack of sensitivity to how other people show their emotions could lead to misunderstandings in social situations, which could hurt or stop the formation of strong relationships with other people. In fact, research has shown that people who have eating disorders are often shy and have few friends. They also often feel socially isolated or have bad relationships with other people. Because of this, it makes social interactions stressful, which makes people want to avoid them and makes it hard to make and keep personal relationships.

Wallis et al. (2018) also said that people with schizophrenia and autistic spectrum disorders who had trouble recognizing emotions also had trouble getting along with other people.

Many of the same risk factors for major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and psychological distress are present in Puerto Rican youth who grow up in low-income neighborhoods in the South Bronx. As an ethnic minority group, Puerto Ricans have been pushed to the side in the South Bronx. More and more research shows that neighborhood, cultural, and social factors, as well as parental psychopathology, can lead to mental health problems (Alegria et al., 2022).

The study looked at how well some of the Future of Nursing recommendations about the nursing workforce were carried out. There is a solid foundation for psychiatric-mental health nursing to play a bigger role in making up for the lack of mental health professionals and improving access to mental health care. More work needs to be done to get rid of regulatory barriers that make it hard to promote practices that are in line with what is known, taught, and trained. Overall, the nursing workforce for psychiatric and mental health is ready for the future (Merwin, 2020).roving access to mental health care. More work must be done to remove regulatory barriers to promote practices to the extent of knowledge, education, and training. Overall, the psychiatric-mental health nursing workforce is primed for the future (Merwin, 2020).

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