Posted: April 13th, 2023

4 Discussions Due In 48 Hours essay

Qualitative Methodologies
Qualitative methodologies involve collecting non-numerical data, usually through interviews or observation. There are many approaches to qualitative research and no fully agreed upon “list” of methodologies. The text (Malec and Newman, 2013) describes six approaches in Section 3.1. The Frank and Polkinghorne (2010) article also describes three main qualitative approaches. The best way to learn about a variety of qualitative research methods is to read reports or articles of research around a topic you are interested in.
Instructions:
For your initial post, choose two articles that use a qualitative research method to answer a research question on your topic of interest. Remember that qualitative research is exploratory in nature, and is used to go deeper into issues of interest and explore nuances related to the problem at hand. Common data collection methods used in qualitative research include group discussions, focus groups, in-depth interviews, and uninterrupted observations. Data analysis typically involves identifying themes or categories, or providing in- depth descriptions of the data. Use the Anderson (2006) and Lee (1992) articles to obtain a better understanding of what qualitative research includes.
• Briefly describe the particular qualitative research approach/methodology utilized in each of the two articles you selected (e.g. case study, ethnographic study, phenomenological study, etc.).
• Refer to the week’s readings (or recommended articles) to help you explain.
• Compare and contrast the two qualitative methods used:
o What is the same and what is different and why?
o Does either methods seem a good fit to explore your topic of interest?
o Why/why not?

Post should be at least 300 words.

Qualitative Validity
Many researchers, particularly those from the hard sciences like mathematics or physics, consider quantitative research, with the ability to determine “statistical significance,” as more rigorous than qualitative research. Qualitative research does not lend itself to such mathematical determination of validity, rather it is highly focused on providing descriptive and/or exploratory results. However, this does not relieve the qualitative researcher from designing studies that are rigorous and high in “trustworthiness,” often the word used to describe validity in a qualitative study. There is no agreed upon set of criteria for ensuring a quality qualitative study, but there are a number of models of quality criteria.
Instructions:
• After reading the assigned articles by Shenton (2004) and Freeman, deMarrais, Preissle, Roulston, and St. Pierre (2007), discuss at least three things a qualitative researcher can consider to increase the validity of a study’s results.
• Give at least one example from one of the qualitative study articles you have found on your own topic of how a claim (reported result) is supported.
o How does that article report on the validity of the study’s results?
o Do the authors do a good job of demonstrating validity? If not, what could/should they have done differently?

Post should be at least 300 words.

Measurement Scales
Conducting psychological research generally involves collecting a large amount of data. In order to summarize and draw conclusions about the data, we must first have some knowledge about the various statistical concepts. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics are what we use to describe or summarize the data and make conclusions and predictions about a population. How variables are defined and measured is critically important in order to evaluate the validity of the research.
Instructions:
• Provide one example (your own) of each measurement scale, and provide an example (your own) of how a variable might be measured by different scales.
• Explain which of these you found most challenging to identify and why.
Your post should be at least 300 words.

Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis testing is a method for testing a prediction or hypothesis about a measurable variable in a population. Hypothesis testing involves five steps including: stating the hypotheses, collecting data, calculating the statistics, comparing the statistical findings with a critical value, and making a decision to accept or reject the null hypothesis.
Instructions:
• Present a research topic and research question you are interested in studying and develop a null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis to answer the research question.
• Discuss whether your alternative hypothesis is directional or non-directional.
• What would be a type 1 error and type 2 error in the examples you provided? Explain how both of these could be minimized in your example.
• What do you consider to be the most challenging aspect of defining hypotheses and why?
Your post should be at least 300 words.
Required Texts
You can find more helpful items for Constellation at the following site: https://content.rockies.edu/support/tutorials/ (Links to an external site.)
Constellation: Malec, T. & Newman, M. (2013). Research methods: Building a knowledge base. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
Required References
American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct: 2010 amendment. Standard 8: Research and Publication. Available at http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/ (Links to an external site.)
Anderson, J. D. (2006). Qualitative and quantitative research. Available at http://web20kmg.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/82037432/QualitativeandQuantitativeEvaluationResearch.pdf (Links to an external site.)
Benedict K (2014, April 11). Correlation – The Basic Idea Explained [Video file]. Retrieved fromCorrelation – The Basic Idea Explained (Links to an external site.)
Conway, A. (2014). Circuit court involved youth in Virginia: A descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative research study. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/978144627305014535709
Diem, K. G. (2002). A step-by-step guide to developing effective questionnaires and survey procedures for program evaluation & research. Available at http://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.asp?pid=FS995 (Links to an external site.)
Edwards, K. & Dardis, C. (2014).Conducting mixed-methodological dating violence research: Integrating quantitative survey and qualitative data. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/978144627305013516582
Explorable (2010). Experimental research. Available at https://explorable.com/experimental-research (Links to an external site.)
Explorable (2010). The scientific method. Available at https://explorable.com/scientific-method (Links to an external site.)
Frank, G., & Polkinghorne, D. (2010). Qualitative research in occupational therapy: From the first to the second generation. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 30(2), 51-57. doi:10.3928/15394492-20100325-02
Freeman, M., deMarrais, K., Preissle, J., Roulston, K., & St Pierre, E. A. (2007). Standards of evidence in qualitative research: An incitement to discourse. Educational Researcher, 36(1), 25-32. doi: 10.3102/0013189X06298009.
Ijalba, E. (2014). Using qualitative and quantitative methods to conduct research in parent education with immigrant families of children with autism spectrum disorders. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/978144627305014533926
Mariampolski, H. (2001). Qualitative vs. quantitative. Qualitative Market Research, 22-25. SAGE Publications Ltd doi: 10.4135/9781412985529.n13
Onwuegbuzie, A. & Leech, N. L. (2005). On becoming a pragmatic researcher: The importance of combining quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(5), 375-387. doi: 10.1080/13645570500402447
Park, J., & Park, M. (2016). Qualitative versus quantitative research methods: Discovery or justification? downloadJournal Of Marketing Thought, 3(1), 1-7.
Polkinghorne, D. E. (2005). Language and meaning: Data collection in qualitative research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 137-145. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.137
Rice, G. T. (2005). Developing high quality multiple-choice test questions. Available at http://circle.adventist.org/files/jae/en/jae200567043006.pdf (Links to an external site.)
Shenton, A.K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for Information, 22(2), 63-75.
Smith, Lara (2013, November 18). Correlation Basics [Video file]. Retrieved fromCorrelation Basics (Links to an external site.)
Stoltenberg, C. D., & Pace, T. M. (2007). The scientist-practitioner model: Now more than ever. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 37(4), 195-203. doi:10.1007/s10879-007-9054-0
Svensson, C. (2014). Qualitative methodology in unfamiliar cultures: Relational and ethical aspects of fieldwork in Malaysia. London: SAGE Publications Ltd doi: 10.4135/978144627305014533923
Trochim, W. M. K. (2006). Research methods: Knowledge base. Available at http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/ (Links to an external site.)
Tsene, L. (2016). Qualitative multi-method research: Media social responsibility. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/978144627305015595393

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