Posted: June 23rd, 2022

Write an outline for your essay on the selected topic of cybercrime

Write an outline for your essay on the selected topic of cybercrime
The Nature of Groups and Organizations engaged in Cyber Crime

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The paper will explore the nature of groups that engage in cyber crimes. It will specifically address the role of organized crime groups through which a group of skilled individuals use their knowledge in criminal activities. It will first provide the definition and the general scope of cyber crime. Using the available empirical evidence, this paper will profile organized criminal groups within cyberspace as well as the conventional organized criminal groups that have harnessed technology to further their criminal activities. It will also examine whether both the organized crime groups and individual offenders pursue similar goals through their cyber crimes.
Description of sources
Broadhurst, R., et al. (2014) Organizations and Cyber Crime: An analysis of the nature of groups engaged in cyber crime. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 8(1).
The authors in this empirical study provide a comprehensive analysis of the groups and cyber offenders that use their technical skills in furtherance of criminal activities. Key examples of such well known offenders are provided, thus illustrating individual and group behavior. By using the McGuire typology, the authors provide the structure of groups in organized cyber crimes as well as to show different levels of organization. For instance, state actors and profit-oriented cyber crime groups have clear structure, leadership, and specialization. On the other hand, protest groups and individual offenders are less organized with a nearly non-existent leadership and centralized command.
Nurse, J.R.C. & Bada, M. (2018). The group element of cybercrime: Types, dynamics, and criminal operations. Oxford: Global Cyber Security Capacity Centre.
This paper acknowledges the shift from cyber crime as the work of lone attackers to a group activity that has global networks. Some of the groups that have been examined in this paper and whose actions have had significant ramifications include Anonymous, Lizard Squad, and Lulzsec. Even the conventional organized crime groups have also begun incorporating cyber crime due to limited restrictions to entry, the opportunities of vastly expanding their operations, and the perceived anonymity provided by the Internet. Considering that the cyber crime groups are comprised of individuals located all over the globe, the authors also critically examine the formation of online criminal groups and the networks and platforms that enable their activities.
Leukfeldt, E. R., Lavorgna, A. & Kleemans, E. R. (2016). Organised cybercrime or cybercrime that is organized? An assessment of the conceptualization of financial cybercrime as organized crime. Eur J Crim Policy Res, 12(3).
This paper has a specific focus on the use of cybercrime by organized crime groups in conducting financial cybercrimes that have had serious implications for the banking sector. These are profit-driven cyber crimes whose prominence has increased with the introduction of online banking and a proliferation of systems that support electronic fund transfers. An analysis of the characteristics of these actors as well as their modus operandi has significant policy implications. With regards to the composition and structure of the organized cybercrime groups, a key question relates to leadership and organization. Towards this end, this paper identified that none of the studies networks had a strict hierarchy of leadership. However, they were not entirely fluid as the members manifested dependency relationships and concise functional roles. The groups also have core members that initiate and coordinate attacks and without whose input attacks cannot be successful.
Tundis, A. et al. (2018). Challenges and available solutions against organized cyber-crime and terrorist networks. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, 174.
This paper analyses the threats of both organized crime and terrorist networks particularly with the advent and proliferation of technologies that enable cybercrime. The challenges within the technological dimensions range from identifying the criminal activities to the engagement processes. The authors examine these factors within the contexts of organizational models as well as the similarities and differences in terms of objectives by addressing the most common typologies of criminal organizational models. In doing so, it is identified that the development of both digital and non-digital tools is important for the effective mitigation of cyber crimes.
Wadhwa, A. & Arora, N. (2017). A review on cyber crime: Major threats and solutions. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, 8(5).
This paper provides solutions for collective cyber crimes, whether performed by organized groups or individual offenders. This is arguably a feasible approach as cyber crimes take nearly the same form including the theft of personal data, fraud, copyright infringement, bullying, and cyber stalking among others. It is imperative to also determine the types of crimeware used in attacks in order to provide effective solutions. Some of the crimeware or tools used in cyber crime include bots, Trojans, and Spyware. The solutions are subsequently categorized into prevention, detection, and response. This, therefore, means that security is not a product but rather a process that ensures that the entire system is designed in a manner incorporating all the security measures, policies, and system components at all levels of prevention, detection, and response.

References
Broadhurst, R., et al. (2014) Organizations and Cyber Crime: An analysis of the nature of groups engaged in cyber crime. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 8(1).
Leukfeldt, E. R., Lavorgna, A. & Kleemans, E. R. (2016). Organised cybercrime or cybercrime that is organized? An assessment of the conceptualization of financial cybercrime as organized crime. Eur J Crim Policy Res, 12(3).
Nurse, J.R.C. & Bada, M. (2018). The group element of cybercrime: Types, dynamics, and criminal operations. Oxford: Global Cyber Security Capacity Centre.
Tundis, A. (2018). Challenges and available solutions against organized cyber-crime and terrorist networks. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, 174.
Wadhwa, A. & Arora, N. (2017). A review on cyber crime: Major threats and solutions. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, 8(5).

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