Posted: September 8th, 2022

answer this discussion based on this:
Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days in one of the following ways:
• If your colleagues’ posts influenced your understanding of these concepts, be sure to share how and why. Include additional insights you gained.
• If you think your colleagues might have misunderstood these concepts, offer your alternative perspective and be sure to provide an explanation for them. Include resources to support your perspective.
References at least 2-3 no more than 5 years ago.

do not make negative critique
Psychopharmacological agents have actions that range from agonists to antagonists. The range of activities from agonist to antagonist is made up of agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists. There are also partial inverse agonists and inverse agonists among the activities. The main difference between an agonist and an antagonist is that an agonist mimics the desired response, while an antagonist binds to the receptor and stops or slows responses (Nguyen, 2018). Agonists are the natural chemicals that stimulate receptors. They are also called transmitters. Here, some well-known drugs can act as neurotransmitters, which means they can stimulate receptors and cause a response. On the other hand, antagonists are drugs that stop a neurotransmitter from working at a receptor, but they don’t do anything specific if the agonist isn’t there. Also, antagonists can stop all kinds of agonists from working, even the inverse agonists. Inverse agonists are drugs that work the opposite way of agonists and bind to the same receptors as agonists. On the other hand, partial agonists try to turn on the receptors. But they can’t get the receptor to respond as much as it could. Tramadol is one of them. It is an agonist of the mu receptor. Also, drugs that are both agonists and antagonists are called “agonist-antagonists” because they can sometimes block the effects of agonists.
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are proteins that are part of the cell membrane and are used by cells to turn signals from outside the cell into responses inside the cell. This includes responses to hormones, neurotransmitters, and signals from sight, smell, and taste (Zhao et al., 2016). Here, the main jobs of the two broad family receptor proteins are to open and close the postsynaptic ion channels. Also, the ionotropic receptor is a type of receptor in one of the families that is directly linked to the ion channels. Both G-couple proteins and ion-gated channel receptors have two functional parts: the extracellular part and the part that crosses the cell membrane. Ion channel receptors also work with other ion channels (Li et al., 2014). The neurotransmitters bind to the site outside of the cell, and the domain that crosses the cell membrane makes an ion channel. So, the inotropic receptors combine the binding of the transmitter and the function of the channel into a single molecule called a ligand-gated ion channel. Metabotropic receptors are another group of neurotransmitters. The movement of the ion in these receptors depends on one or more steps in the body’s metabolism. Here, there are no ion channels, but the channels can be changed by activating molecules called G-proteins. The G-protein-coupled receptors are another name for the metabotropic receptors. The ligand binds to the G-protein-linked receptors, which then turn on a membrane protein that works with an ion channel or an enzyme in the membrane.
To explain the role of epigenetics, you need to know what the word “epigenetic” means and how their roles can affect how drugs work. Epigenetics is the study of how a person’s actions and environment can cause changes that change how their genes work (Stefanska & MacEwan, 2015). There is a clear link between a person’s genes, how they act, and their environment. Epigenetic regulation of genes is very important because it keeps cells acting normally. Also, they are very important in the development of diseases like cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Stefanska and MacEwan (2015) say that depression is linked to epigenetic regulatory mechanisms like non-coding RNA regulation, DNA methylation, and histone modification. DNA interacts with the proteins that are packed into chromatins. These histone proteins go through epigenetic changes like acetylation, phosphorylation, and methylation, which turn on the gene transcriptions. Also, changes in epigenetics have helped us understand the pathophysiology of different disease conditions.

As a doctor or nurse, you need to look at the patient. Also, it’s important to pay attention to each patient’s body and how their illness is progressing. Giving a patient the right medicine from the start has many benefits and makes their lives better. So, the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner needs to know which drug to give a patient, like benzodiazepine. (Angell & Bolden, 2015). Benzodiazepines are given to treat anxiety and panic disorders, but if you take them every day for a long time, you may develop a tolerance to them quickly. During this time, the patient may get used to the highest dose of benzodiazepine, which can cause a number of side effects. So, the patient would have to stop taking any drugs that could cause withdrawal symptoms that are hard to deal with or cause dementia to start early. Because they are pregnant, young, or old, pregnant women, children, and the elderly should be given benzodiazepines with extra care. (Alshammari, 2016).
Reference
Alshammari, T. M. (2016). Drug safety: The concept, inception and its importance in patients’ health. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 24(4), 405–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2014.04.008
Angell, B., & Bolden, G. B. (2015). Justifying medication decisions in mental health care: Psychiatrists’ accounts for treatment recommendations. Social science & medicine (1982), 138, 44–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.04.029
Li, S., Wong, A. H., & Liu, F. (2014). Ligand-gated ion channel interacting proteins and their role in neuroprotection. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 8, 125. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2014.00125
Nguyen, A. (2018). Agonists and Antagonists. Agonists and Antagonists – UTS Pharmacology
Stefanska, B., & MacEwan, D. J. (2015). Epigenetics and pharmacology. British Journal of Pharmacology, 172(11), 2701–2704. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13136
Zhao, J., Deng, Y., Jiang, Z., & Qing, H. (2016). G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Focus on BACE1 Related GPCRs. Frontiers in Ageing Neuroscience, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00058

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